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Mapping the local and distant Universe is key to our understanding of it. For decades, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) has made a concerted effort to map …

Understanding the formation and evolutionary history of the Milky Way requires detailed mapping of its stellar components, which preserve fossil records of the Galaxy's assembly through cosmic …

Spectroscopic surveys now supply precise stellar label measurements such as element abundances for large samples of stars throughout the Milky Way. These element abundances are known to correlate …

Inferring stellar parameters and chemical abundances by forward modeling stellar spectra usually requires a spectral synthesis code, or an emulator constructed from a curated training set. In these …

Periodic variability in active galactic nuclei (AGN) light curves has been proposed as a signature of close supermassive black hole (SMBH) binaries. Recently, 181 candidate SMBH binaries were …

Many machine learning tasks in the natural sciences are precisely equivariant to particular symmetries. Nonetheless, equivariant methods are often not employed, perhaps because training is perceived to be …

Grouping stars by chemical similarity has the potential to reveal the Milky Way's evolutionary history. The APOGEE stellar spectroscopic survey has the resolution and sensitivity for this …

In the Milky Way disk there is a strong trend linking stellar age to surface element abundances. Here we explore this relationship with a dataset of 8,803 …

White dwarf–main-sequence (WD–MS) binary systems are essential probes for understanding binary stellar evolution and play a pivotal role in constraining theoretical models of various transient …

Foundation models for structured time series data must contend with a fundamental challenge: observations often conflate the true underlying physical phenomena with systematic distortions introduced by measurement instruments …

Recent analyses of cosmological hydrodynamic simulations from CAMELS have shown that machine learning models can predict the parameter describing the total matter content of the universe, Ω …

Galaxies are not in a dynamical steady state: they continually undergo perturbations, e.g., from infalling dwarf galaxies and dark matter substructure. After a dynamical perturbation, stars phase …

The large volume of spectroscopic data available now and from near-future surveys will enable high-dimensional measurements of stellar parameters and properties. Current methods for determining stellar …

Many nucleosynthetic channels create the elements, but two-parameter models characterized by \(\alpha\) and Fe nonetheless predict stellar abundances in the Galactic disk to accuracies of 0.02 …

We present a method to determine the gravitational potential of the Milky Way from measurements of the locations, velocities, and element abundances of stars in the Galactic disk …

Any permutation-invariant function of data points \(\vec{r}_i\) can be written in the form \(\rho(\sum_i\phi(\vec{r}_i))\) for suitable functions \(\rho\) and …

The radial velocity catalog from the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) is unique in its simultaneously large volume and high precision as a result of its …

Analysis of microwave sky signals, such as the cosmic microwave background, often requires component separation using multifrequency methods, whereby different signals are isolated according to their different frequency …

The vertical kinematics of stars near the Sun can be used to measure the total mass distribution near the Galactic disk and to study out-of-equilibrium dynamics …

Time-varying inhomogeneities on stellar surfaces constitute one of the largest sources of radial velocity (RV) error for planet detection and characterization. We show that stellar variations, because …

Stellar age measurements are fundamental to understanding a wide range of astronomical processes, including Galactic dynamics, stellar evolution, and planetary system formation. However, extracting age information from main …

Stellar infrared excesses can indicate various phenomena of interest, from protoplanetary disks to debris disks, or (more speculatively) techno-signatures along the lines of Dyson spheres. In this …

Differentiating between real transit events and false-positive signals in photometric time-series data is a bottleneck in the identification of transiting exoplanets, particularly long-period planets. This …

Machine learning (ML) methods are having a huge impact across all of the sciences. However, ML has a strong ontology - in which only the data exist - and a …

We present AspGap, a new approach to infer stellar labels from low-resolution Gaia XP spectra, including precise [\(\alpha\)/M] estimates for the first time. AspGap is a …

We present a new, all-sky quasar catalog, Quaia, that samples the largest comoving volume of any existing spectroscopic quasar sample. The catalog draws on the 6,649 …

When there are many observations of an astronomical source - many images with different dithers, or many spectra taken at different barycentric velocities - it is standard practice to shift …

We present a new, all-sky quasar catalog, Quaia, that samples the largest comoving volume of any existing spectroscopic quasar sample. The catalog draws on the 6,649 …

The element abundance pattern found in Milky Way disk stars is close to two-dimensional, dominated by production from one prompt process and one delayed process. This simplicity …

Under the assumption of a simple and time-invariant gravitational potential, many Galactic dynamics techniques infer the Milky Way's mass and dark matter distribution from stellar kinematic …

Interpreting and modelling astronomical catalogues requires an understanding of the catalogues' completeness or selection function: objects of what properties had a chance to end up in the catalogue …

We build a multi-output generative model for quasar spectra and the properties of their black hole engines, based on a Gaussian process latent-variable model. This model …

In the coming decade, thousands of stellar streams will be observed in the halos of external galaxies. What fundamental discoveries will we make about dark matter from these …

Signatures of vertical disequilibrium have been observed across the Milky Way's (MW's) disk. These signatures manifest locally as unmixed phase spirals in z–vz space ("snails …

To understand the formation of the Milky Way's prominent bar it is important to know whether stars in the bar differ in the chemical element composition of …

Discoveries of gaps in data have been important in astrophysics. For example, there are kinematic gaps opened by resonances in dynamical systems, or exoplanets of a certain radius …

Physical systems obey strict symmetry principles. We expect that machine learning methods that intrinsically respect these symmetries should have higher prediction accuracy and better generalization in prediction of …

Stars with peculiar element abundances are important markers of chemical enrichment mechanisms. We present a simple method, tangent space projection (TSP), for the detection of X-enriched stars …

Many problems in contemporary astrophysics---from understanding the formation of black holes to untangling the chemical evolution of galaxies---rely on knowledge about binary stars. This, in turn …

M dwarfs have enormous potential for our understanding of structure and formation on both Galactic and exoplanetary scales through their properties and compositions. However, current atmosphere models have …

In recent years, dedicated extreme precision radial velocity (RV) spectrographs have produced vast quantities of high-resolution, high-signal-to-noise (S/N) time-series spectra for bright …

The importance of the Decadal Survey in astrophysics is great; it deserves attention and revision. We make recommendations to increase the Survey's transparency and political legitimacy. The …

The Milky Way is filled with the tidally-disrupted remnants of globular clusters and dwarf galaxies. Determining the properties of these objects -- in particular, initial masses and density …